患者知情同意权研究

　　核心提示：目前，因医师侵害患者知情同意权的医疗纠纷已开始引起我国民法理论界与司法实务界的高度关注。知情同意权是医患关系中最基础和最核心的权利。

　　【摘要】

　　目前，因医师侵害患者知情同意权的医疗纠纷已开始引起我国民法理论界与司法实务界的高度关注。广泛查阅中外文献资料，并积极借鉴前人的研究成果，本文尝试从以下几个方面进行研究，以期抛砖引玉，并希望能够对指导审判实践，促进医疗行业的健康发展起到一定作用。文章共分为四个部分：第一部分首先对知情同意权发展的历史进行了梳理，知情同意权规则在美国历经雏形到基本成型的过程，发展轨迹与判例紧密相关。而立法肇始于《纽伦堡法典》，后经《赫尔辛基宣言》不段完善发展。，美国制定完成了《患者自己决定法》。我国知情同意规则立法一直带有行政化色彩且规定各异，直至《侵权责任法》的颁布，知情同意规则才趋于统一。第二部分从契约法和侵权法两个角度探求知情同意权的学理基础。从契约法的角度观之，美国法认为基于医疗信息的高度不对等情形下缔结的合同可能显失公平以及缔约过失责任的本质乃是侵权责任，所以美国法主张以侵权法对知情同意权进行保护。德国法对医师说明义务的考量并非是以自主决定权为其基础，而是在不同的责任体系下考察医师说明义务的责任基础。

　　从侵权法角度观之，美国侵权法下知情同意理论的发展呈现为从同意到知情同意，从故意到过失侵权两条主线。德国侵权行为法认为告知说明义务的违反，不同于医疗错误，责任基础在于医疗的侵袭行为欠缺阻却违法事由，根据其理论基础之不同，可以分为身体侵害行为说和人格权侵害说。以更好保护患者权益的角度，本文主张以侵权法保护患者的知情同意权更佳。第三部分以医师说明义务为视角诠释知情同意权，包括说明义务的主体、说明义务的对象、说明义务的形式、说明义务的标准、说明义务的免除，从另一侧面诠释了知情同意权的内涵。第四部分从损害的理论学说出发，阐述损害的涵义，在此基础上对侵害知情同意的损害及其赔偿进行阐述。本文主张损害事实说，对侵害知情同意权进行全额赔偿，不仅包括侵害自主决定权的慰藉费，还包括具有因果关系的其他损害。损害赔偿范围包括人身损害、精神损害、财产损害以及最佳治疗时机和最佳治疗方案的损害。

　　【英文摘要】

　　Right to informed consent is the most basic and most central right in the doctor-patient relationship. Currently, medical disputes on informed consent have begun to rise great concern in the domain of civil law theorists and judicial practice. On the basis of widely reading of Chinese and foreign documents and learning from previous research, this paper tries to research following aspects, and wish to guide trial practice and to promote the healthy development of the medical profession. The paper is divided into four parts: Part I, firstly, we clarify the history of informed consent from basic shape to maturation in the United States, and it is showed that it is highly related to cases. The legislation of informed consent originated from the "Nuremberg Code" and subsequently "Helsinki Declaration" supplemented content of it. Owing to the promotion of human rights and the consumer movement, the United States worked out a "patient to decide law." However, in our country, rules of informed consent have been provided with the color of administration and its rules are in chaos. Until the "Tort Liability Act" was enacted, the rules tend to unity. The second part explores the theoretical basis of informed consent from the perspective of the contract law and tort law. From the perspective of contract law, American law argues that the infringement of informed consent shall be applied by tort law. German law studies the basis of informed consent in different system of obligations. From the perspective of tort law, the development of informed consent of the U.S. tort theory presented the two main lines. German tort law argues that breach of the obligation to disclose is different from medical errors, liability is based on the lack of negates subject of the illegal, according to their different theoretical basis, it can be divided into violations of body and personality rights. The third part explains the implication of informed consent from the perspective of obligation to disclose of doctor, including subject of obligation to disclose, object of obligation to disclose, form of obligation to disclose, standard of obligation to disclose, and exemption of obligation to disclose. Part IV studies damage theory and conclude the implication of damage. on the basis of damages, we describe the damage of infringement of informed consent and compensation for the damage. The paper adopts damage fact theory and shall make full compensation for infringement of informed consent, including physical damages, mental damages, damages to property and the best timing of treatment and the best treatment damages.